Horizontal (left) and vertical (right) distribution of airborne flask sample locations identified as being of stratospheric origin. Thin dashed black lines on the map illustrate the flight tracks of all 9 campaigns of the 3 airborne projects. Symbols indicate the campaigns during which the stratospheric samples were collected, and colors show the potential temperature at which the sample was taken.

Concurrent woody and herbaceous vegetation changes between the 1982-1991 and 2004-2013 decades of the Sudano-Sahel region of Africa. (A) Map of vegetation change categories. (B) Chart showing the conceptual position and the relative abundance of each category in a 2-D space.

Field sites, ecoregions, and total area burned (millions of hectares; Mha) in each of the ecoregions in the study domain over time. Grey dotted line in the inset represents the simple linear regression, with red shading for the 95% confidence intervals, of burned area for all ecoregions combined. Analyses were completed using the field site groupings, located within the six ecoregions defined by the EPA Level II Ecoregions of North America.

Each black dot on this digital elevation map (DEM) represents a surface weather station in continental North America providing Daymet data in 2010. Additional stations providing Daymet data are located in Puerto Rico and Hawaii.

Model-simulated 1 km mean active layer thickness (ALT) map from 2001 to 2015. Black dots are locations of circumpolar active layer monitoring (CALM) sites used for comparison of observed ALT to modeled ALT. CALM data are not provided. The areas with ALT greater than 300 cm depth are shown in dark gray.

The SAGA installation onboard the DC-8 - AFRC aircraft.

Study area in the Midwestern US with study site locations and extent of analysis. The study area was limited to the spatial extent of LiDAR topographic data (gray hillshade). Squares represent the 28 sites, a total of 210 km2, that were selected for having plowed, bare soil.